As Israel’s gas exports to Egypt and Jordan have stopped and restarted three times since October 2023, Azerbaijan’s state oil company, known as SOCAR, has moved into every layer of Israel’s energy business at once. Those positions came together publicly at the 31st Baku Energy Forum and the first Azerbaijan-US Economic Dialogue. They provide backup supply when Israeli gas goes offline, as it did for 32 days during the Hormuz war. Israeli energy security analyst Elai Rettig of