The Revived Roman Empire and the European Union

Arno Froese

The Roman Empire was, is and will remain in existence until Jesus returns to earth and puts an end to all world power structures.

When discussing an issue such as the Roman Empire, we must think long term: More than 2,000 years of history are involved. If we include the other three empires, then we can add another 600 years. That’s a long time, but the Bible summarizes these four Gentile superpowers with one sentence: “in the days of these kings shall the God of heaven set up a kingdom which shall never be destroyed” (Daniel 2:44). According to Scripture, these 2,600 years are merely “days.” Therefore, we must think long term in order to see the entire picture.

For instance, I held a prophecy conference last year in Grevenbroich, Germany. Although I grew up nearby, and had visited the city many times as a teenager, I wanted to learn more about it. So I checked the Internet, where I discovered a great deal of information. One statement in particular struck me: “Grevenbroich is of little historical significance since it is a relatively new city established in 1585.” The city of Neuss is located approximately 20 kilometers from Grevenbroich. The city celebrated its 2,005th birthday last summer. Neuss was a city before Jesus was born, and it was where I served my apprenticeship as a bricklayer.

I remember one unique experience I had at a construction site. We were ready to pour the concrete foundation for a multi-family dwelling, but before we could proceed, the inspector had to approve the site. During his inspection, he walked on soil some 3 meters below ground level, where he noticed a hollow sound. Further inspection revealed a tunnel, and the building process was immediately stopped. The tunnels had to be broken, excavated and prepared for the foundation. Following several weeks of delay, we finally got to “solid ground” — or so we thought. We dug a few test holes and found that more tunnels were located underground. But this time our supervisor ordered
that we prepare everything for inspection differently. Holes were dug for the inspector to see, but we were careful to dig the holes only between the arches, where the ground was deepest. Apparently the inspector was satisfied. We poured the concrete and the apartment building was finally completed.

The point is that Rome is there; it’s a reality even in our days. To most of us it is hidden, but Rome is the foundation of our Western civilization, and it is decisive for the entire world.

The Global Image

“Thou, O king, sawest, and behold a great image. This great image, whose brightness was excellent, stood before thee; and the form thereof was terrible. This image’s head was of fine gold, his breast and his arms of silver, his belly and his thighs of brass, His legs of iron, his feet part of iron and part of clay. Thou sawest till that a stone was cut out without hands, which smote the image upon his feet that were of iron and clay, and brake them to pieces. Then was the iron, the clay, the brass, the silver, and the gold, broken to pieces together, and became like the chaff of the summer threshingfloors; and the wind carried them away, that no place was found for them: and the stone that smote the image became a great mountain, and filled the whole earth” (Daniel 2:31-35).

This is the history of the Gentile world in a nutshell. The Gentile power structure began with a person, Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon.

Historic Dream

Nebuchadnezzar had a dream that revealed the history of the Gentiles. Nebuchadnezzar was the beginning, but he is also a part of the end. Daniel 2:35 states: “Then was the iron, the clay, the brass, the silver, and the gold, broken to pieces together.” Notice that the destruction begins with iron and ends with gold. The entire world will be involved when judgment comes — no exceptions.

Who is this power that fills the whole earth? Doubtless, it is the Lord Jesus Christ, for to Him was given all power in heaven and on earth. The Bible says that every knee shall bow and every tongue will confess that Jesus Christ is Lord.

The Nation Dreamers

Before we analyze the composition of this global image, we must reveal the motivating factor of the nation, which, as we will see, is the great dragon, that old serpent called the devil and Satan.

Therefore, let us look at the nations of the world to determine why they believe they are so important. The idea of being a great nation is sourced from the diabolic treasure of Satan’s heart. Here is what the Bible states about the original dreamer of evil:

Hell from beneath is moved for thee to meet thee at thy coming: it stirreth up the dead for thee, even all the chief ones of the earth; it hath raised up from their thrones all the kings of the nations. All they shall speak and say unto thee, Art thou also become weak as we? art thou become like unto us? Thy pomp is brought down to the grave, and the noise of thy viols: the worm is spread under thee, and the worms cover thee. How art thou fallen from heaven, O Lucifer, son of the morning! how art thou cut down to the ground, which didst weaken the nations! For thou hast said in thine heart, I will ascend into heaven, I will exalt my throne above the stars of God: I will sit also upon the mount of the congregation, in the sides of the north: I will ascend above the heights of the clouds; I will be like the most High. Yet thou shalt be brought down to hell, to the sides of the pit (Isaiah 14:9-15).

This is a prophetic look back at the birth of sin. This is not describing the fall of man who was deceived; thus he is subject to God’s prepared plan of salvation. Satan cannot be saved because he is the originator of sin.

Babylon or Lucifer?

Notice Isaiah 14 is addressed to the king of Babylon. Thus, the logical question is: Is Lucifer the king of Babylon? In reading the text, we realize that it begins with hell and the grave, which means the territory of spirits and demons. There is no question about the identity because the king of Babylon was never in heaven. Thus, it is impossible for him to have “fallen from heaven.” Nor is he the “son of the morning,” or “Lucifer,” which means “daystar,” as is written in the KJV. While the Bible clearly addresses the king of Babylon, this is the revelation to the power structure that stands behind Babylon, and therewith behind all the nations of the world.

Lucifer’s Pride — The Pride of the Nations

We noted Lucifer’s continuous “I will.” He said, “I will be like the most High.” That is the foundation of pride for all nationalists, Nazis, patriots, etc. That’s quite humbling, isn’t it? This statement reveals Satan’s intention.

With this we have the thought treasure of man’s heart; it is Lucifer’s intellectual property. Man has been building his own power structure under Lucifer’s leadership, with the intention of dominating planet Earth and becoming equal with God.

God’s Thoughts About the Nations

We find the simplest summary of the nations from God’s perspective in Isaiah 40:17: “All nations before him are as nothing; and they are counted to him less than nothing, and vanity.” This, of course, is a tough pill for nationalists to swallow.

The fact that the god of this world rules the nations is the reason they continue to believe in their own importance, and are quite naturally forced to oppose the Lord, His plan and His anointed.

The Heathen Rage

Psalm 2:1-3 says: “Why do the heathen rage, and the people imagine a vain thing? The kings of the earth set themselves, and the rulers take counsel together, against the LORD, and against his anointed, saying, Let us break their bands asunder, and cast away their cords from us.” The word “heathen” refers to all people. The words “king” and “rulers” refer to all political leaders.

What is their goal? Verse 3 explains: “Let us break their bands asunder, and cast away their cords from us.” What are these bands and the cords? Well, what do bands and cords do? They restrict! Doubtless, it’s the limitation God has set for the nations.

Ten Commandments

The Ten Commandments, for example, are “cords” and “bands.” What is their function? In modern lingo we could call these cords and bands handcuffs. Why does a person get handcuffed? He is arrested due to a suspicion that he has broken the law. No society can function without proper law. If there was no law, then there would be no transgression, and everyone would be free to do as he pleased. That would obviously result in anarchy. No civilization could function without laws, which is why God gave the Ten Commandments to Israel.

However, the fundamental principles of the Commandments apply to all nations of all times.

How do we know that the Ten Commandments are valid for all people today? You will not find a country that rewards children who are disobedient to their parents, or that encourages murder, adultery, stealing or telling lies. These are fundamental principles God has entrusted to the nations, and Satan is not permitted to override those ordinances.

Therefore, the Bible orders us to be obedient to our various forms of government. Romans 13:1-4 reads:

“Let every soul be subject unto the higher powers. For there is no power but of God: the powers that be are ordained of God. Whosoever therefore resisteth the power, resisteth the ordinance of God: and they that resist shall receive to themselves damnation. For
rulers are not a terror to good works, but to the evil. Wilt thou then not be afraid of the power? do that which is good, and thou shalt have praise of the same: For he is the minister of God to thee for good. But if thou do that which is evil, be afraid; for he
beareth not the sword in vain: for he is the minister of God, a revenger to execute wrath upon him that doeth evil.”

Government is even referred to as “the minister of God.” On a recent visit to India, I noticed the following inscription over a government building: “Government work is God’s work.” And this is a Hindu government.

Removal of the Cords and Bands

The nations would like nothing more than to do away with these cords and bands. This should not come as a surprise because the Antichrist opposes God. Second Thessalonians 2:4 reads: “Who opposeth and exalteth himself above all that is called
God, or that is worshipped; so that he as God sitteth in the temple of God, shewing himself that he is God.”

Removal of the Ten Commandments

Although we emphasize that the Ten Commandments were addressed to the people of Israel who were freed from the bondage of Egypt, the Ten Commandments still apply to all people at all times.

Let’s review briefly:

First Commandment: “Thou shalt have no other gods before me.” This is universal. You can name your god any way you want, but deep down in your heart God has given you the knowledge of the one true God. Creation is the proof: “For the invisible things of him from the creation of the world are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, even his eternal power and Godhead; so that they are without excuse” (Romans 1:20). The theory of evolution denies God as the Creator.

The Soviet Union brazenly said, “There is no God!” After about 70 years, God said: “There is no Soviet Union.”

Second Commandment: “Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth: Thou shalt not bow down thyself to them, nor serve them: for I the LORD thy God am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation of them that hate me” (Exodus 20:4-5). Surely no one in today’s Christianized world would bow down to an idol. But we cannot deny that we have countless idols. Just take a look at the entertainment and sports world, and you will see people put other people upon pedestals. This will lead to the establishment of the image of the beast, which will be worshipped by the entire world.

Third Commandment: “Thou shalt not take the name of the LORD thy God in vain; for the LORD will not hold him guiltless that taketh his name in vain” (Exodus 20:7). People have no problem taking the Lord’s name and using it to express anger, or to curse.
Just recently I read that a young child had come home from school and asked his parents who Jesus was, and why His name was such a curse word. Many Christians camouflage breaking the Third Commandment by using such phrases as “Oh my gosh” or “Gee.”

Fourth Commandment: “Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy. Six days shalt thou labour, and do all thy work.” What is the purpose of the Sabbath? It is a day of rest. But this rest has been disregarded and replaced with work.

Businesses were closed on Sundays when we moved to South Carolina in 1978. Today, virtually every business is open at some point on Sunday, and many are open 24/7. Not only does the practice of commerce on Sundays involve the business staff, but it is also imposed on its customers. Therefore, this law is also being broken and replaced by more and more work.

The United States has the hardest working work force in the world, superceding Japan and Singapore. Americans work more and rest less. It is ironic that a nation where Christianity is so popularized and powerful blatantly violates God’s principle relating to rest.

Fifth Commandment: “Honour thy father and thy mother: that thy days may be long upon the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee” (Exodus 20:12). Say goodbye to that law, which, incidentally, is quoted in the New Testament: “Honour thy father and mother; (which is the first commandment with promise)” (Ephesians 6:2). We destroyed that law! Mom and Dad have been integrated into the idol-worshipping system of materialism to such an extent that the distinction between father and mother has ceased to exist. In the U.S., it is the mother who is in charge. Today, we have children’s rights movements. In Europe, it is forbidden by law to dispense corporal punishment. The law is still vague in the U.S., but the U.S. is a Roman institution and will eventually have to follow suit.

Sixth Commandment: “Thou shalt not kill” (Exodus 20:13). A more fitting translation of this commandment should be “Thou shalt not murder.” What is abortion? It is legalized murder!

How about murderous thoughts? Jesus referred to this commandment in Matthew 5:21, and then added: “But I say unto you, That whosoever is angry with his brother without a cause shall be in danger of the judgment: and whosoever shall say to his brother, Raca, shall be in danger of the council: but whosoever shall say, Thou fool, shall be in danger of hell fire” (verse 22).

Seventh Commandment: “Thou shalt not commit adultery” (Exodus 20:14). Adultery has become a common practice in today’s society. The entertainment industry leads the way. Adultery is presented as being a way of life for free thinking, intelligent people. Someone may object and say, “That’s only for the liberals and the Hollywood crowd.” Wrong! A recent study by the Barna Group Institution reveals that divorce among evangelical Christians is as high or higher than the rest of the United States. Furthermore, America is the leader when it comes to the destruction of the family.

Eighth Commandment: “Thou shalt not steal” (Exodus 20:15). Modern society is geared towards stealing. Just think of such recent events as the Enron and Martha Stewart scandals. To obtain something you don’t have or to illegally increase your portfolio is stealing. The boundary between making a profit and stealing is becoming so vague that a team of lawyers is necessary to determine between what is right and what is wrong. We cannot deny that modern business practices require some level of stealing.

Ninth Commandment: “Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour” (Exodus 20:16). Who cares about the truth? The first words out of the mouth of someone who has been accused of something is, “I didn’t do it.” Lawyers often advise their clients to deny everything. Lying in business, in politics and in the church has become fashionable. It is not surprising, therefore, that the Bible says: “And for this cause God shall send them strong delusion, that they should believe a lie” (2 Thessalonians 2:11).

Tenth Commandment: “Thou shalt not covet thy neighbour’s house, thou shalt not covet thy neighbour’s wife, nor his manservant, nor his maidservant, nor his ox, nor his ass, nor any thing that is thy neighbour’s” (Exodus 20:17). If we kept this commandment, our so-called free market system would collapse overnight. Covetousness is the motivating factor of any successful business venture.

The Law Must Be Broken

In summary, the cords and the bands — that is, the law of God — must be broken, and replaced by those who honor the god of forces. Here is what the prophet Daniel wrote: “And the king shall do according to his will; and he shall exalt himself, and magnify himself above every god, and shall speak marvellous things against the God of gods, and shall prosper till the indignation be accomplished: for that that is determined shall be done…But in his estate shall he honour the God of forces: and a god whom his fathers knew not shall he honour with gold, and silver, and with precious stones, and pleasant things” (Daniel 11:36,38). I can hear the cry of the world’s business elite: “You can’t argue with success!”

God Laughs

How does God react to the people’s raging and imagining? “He that sitteth in the heavens shall laugh: the Lord shall have them in derision” (Psalm 2:4). That verse is so comforting and encouraging. The men who publicly proclaim that we are the greatest nation on the face of the earth have become nothing. God laughs at them!

The Identity of the Four Superpowers

There is little doubt about the identity of the four superpowers — the gold, silver, brass and iron. They are Babylon, Medo-Persia, Greece and Rome.

Thou, O king, art a king of kings: for the God of heaven hath given thee a kingdom, power, and strength, and glory. And wheresoever the children of men dwell, the beasts of the field and the fowls of the heaven hath he given into thine hand, and hath made thee ruler over them all. Thou art this head of gold. And after thee shall arise another kingdom inferior to thee, and another third kingdom of brass, which shall bear rule over all the earth. And the fourth kingdom shall be strong as iron: forasmuch as iron breaketh in pieces and subdueth all things: and as iron that breaketh all these, shall it break in pieces and bruise. And whereas thou sawest the feet and toes, part of potters’ clay, and part of iron, the kingdom shall be divided; but there shall be in it of the strength of the iron, forasmuch as thou sawest the iron mixed with miry clay. And as the toes of the feet were part of iron, and part of clay, so the kingdom shall be partly strong, and partly broken. And whereas thou sawest iron mixed with miry clay, they shall mingle themselves with the seed of men: but they shall not cleave one to another, even as iron is not mixed with clay. And in the days of these kings shall the God of heaven set up a kingdom, which shall never be destroyed: and the kingdom shall not be left to other people, but it shall break in pieces and consume all these kingdoms, and it shall stand for ever. Forasmuch as thou sawest that the stone was cut out of the mountain without hands, and that it brake in pieces the iron, the brass, the clay, the silver, and the gold; the great God hath made known to the king what shall come to pass hereafter: and the dream is certain, and the interpretation thereof sure (verses 37-45).

We are not dealing with a dream world, but we are dealing with a physical entity: “O king, art a king of kings…thou art this head of gold.” Incidentally, this is the world’s best Gentile superpower, represented by gold, the most precious of all metals.

The next two kingdoms are explained with only 24 words: “And after thee shall arise another kingdom inferior to thee, and another third kingdom of brass, which shall bear rule over all the earth” (Daniel 2:39). These are the kingdoms of Greece and Medo-Persia.

Further, we have documentation in Daniel 8:5: “And as I was considering, behold, an he goat came from the west on the face of the whole earth, and touched not the ground: and the goat had a notable horn between his eyes.” Who is this goat? Verse 21 explains: “And the rough goat is the king of Grecia: and the great horn that is between his eyes is the first king.” Therewith, we have clearly identified the three heathen superpowers: Babylon, Medo-Persia and Greece.

The Fourth Superpower

Interestingly, Daniel spends most of his time revealing details about the fourth and final Gentile superpower. We noticed that it is very strong, it will break to pieces, it will subdue, and it will bruise. It would be difficult to interpret this negative description of the fourth superpower as being positive. Therefore, it is necessary for us to take a closer look at the heavenly declaration describing this power structure, which is extremely cruel and destructive in light of today’s earthly realities.

Remember Psalm 2. It is unreasonable to assume that any political leader today would openly declare war against the Lord and His anointed because the Lord is not a visible manifestation on earth. You can’t use military weapons against spiritual powers. Understanding the prophetic Word requires us to differentiate between earthly and spiritual powers. Psalm 2, as well as the image Daniel describes, is earthly powers, but what’s more important to realize is that they are only a result of spiritual powers. The nations can’t fight against spiritual powers with weapons of war, but their collective action and behavior qualifies them to “take counsel…against the Lord and against the
anointed.” Keeping these facts in mind will assist our understanding of how our governments participate in the breaking, subduing and bruising process.

Against the Anointed

There’s one instance where this global leadership, this rebellion against the Lord and His anointed, is mentioned in the New Testament: in Acts 4 with the beginning of the Church. The religious authority had forbidden the church in Jerusalem to preach in the name of Jesus. I’d like to add here that this statement is often misused because people with a prejudged political view would, in rebellion against their government, pridefully exclaim, “We ought to obey God rather than man.” But the political authority was not involved; the Jews and not the Roman government had forbidden the preaching of Jesus.

What did the Church do? They prayed: “when they heard that, they lifted up their voice to God with one accord, and said, Lord, thou art God, which hast made heaven, and earth, and the sea, and all that in them is: Who by the mouth of thy servant David hast said, Why did the heathen rage, and the people imagine vain things? The kings of the earth stood up, and the rulers were gathered together against the Lord, and against his Christ. For of a truth against thy holy child Jesus, whom thou hast anointed, both Herod, and Pontius Pilate, with the Gentiles, and the people of Israel, were gathered together” (Acts 4:24-27). The opposition of the religious authorities caused the Church to utter the words of Psalm 2. Then they identify the political realities: Herod, the half Jew, Pontius Pilate the Roman, the Gentiles and finally the people of Israel. Thus, the entire world was, is and will be involved in the rebellion against God’s plan of salvation. They all oppose the God of heaven because they are servants of sin and are subject to Satan,
God’s archenemy.

When we recognize this fact, we will understand that it is impossible to have a political entity identified with the Church of Jesus Christ. In other words, there is no such thing as a Christian nation. After all, the Bible commands us to be subject to the worldly government. If we constitute the worldly government, then are we supposed to be subject to ourselves? According to Roman Catholicism, the pope is Christ’s earthly representative, and he claims political, economic, military and religious power. But that is contrary to Scripture. According to the Bible, the Church is a minority. In general, the Church is despised, rejected, persecuted and even killed. That little flock is made up of chosen ones who are in this world, but are not of this world.

Back to the prophetic statement of the first church. When they include the political authorities of the entire world in their prayer, then we must realize this is on a spiritual level. Surely the Roman government had no knowledge of Jesus, nor had the Gentiles heard of Him; thus, it did not occur at that time. Prophetically, however, it revealed the
world’s tendency in relation to the Anointed.

Not Part, But the Whole World

We already read about the great mountain that “filled the whole earth” in Daniel 2:35. According to Daniel, Nebuchadnezzar is “Thou, O king, art a king of kings… And wheresoever the children of men dwell, the beasts of the field and the fowls of the heaven hath he given into thine hand.” The next two kingdoms are also destined to bear rule over all the earth.

In Nebuchadnezzar’s testimony, he states: “The tree grew, and was strong, and the height thereof reached unto heaven, and the sight thereof to the end of all the earth” (Daniel 4:11). Daniel confirms: “It is thou, O king, that art grown and become strong: for thy greatness is grown, and reacheth unto heaven, and thy dominion to the end of the earth” (verse 22). Someone may argue that the kingdom of Babylon was limited to only a very small part of the world. So what about the rest? The answer is simple: the rest does not count because it is all part of these four empires, but they do not carry enough weight to be recognized as individual identities. When it says “over all the earth,” then I take that to literally mean over all the earth. I refuse to accept such conclusions as “to the known world” because areas of the world that were not known at that time do not play a part in the fundamental establishment of the four-fold foundation of the heathen powers: gold, silver, brass and iron.

The Last Superpower

The fourth superpower is unique; actually, it is totally different. For example, chapter 7 reveals the first three powers represented with the images of such animals as a lion, a bear and a leopard. But not the fourth. Something unusual is documented: “After this I saw in the night visions, and behold a fourth beast, dreadful and terrible, and strong ex ceedingly; and it had great iron teeth: it devoured and brake in pieces, and stamped the residue with the feet of it: and it was diverse from all the beasts that were before it; and it had ten horns” (Daniel 7:7). Note the word “diverse.” Remember Daniel saw this in a night vision, not in a dream. God was revealing the future of the heathen world in detail.

Again, notice the use of such negative words as “dreadful,” “terrible,” “strong exceedingly,” “great iron teeth,” “devour,” “brake,” “stamped.” This sounds very much like total destruction, but this is seen from a heavenly perspective. From an earthly perspective, it is quite a different story. The Romans did wonderful things. They elevated culture, human rights, civilization and knowledge to the highest level for the benefit of all citizens. The hallmarks of the Roman Empire were peace and prosperity. They went virtually over all of Europe, North Africa and parts of Asia, establishing their dominion with marks of permanency. Many great buildings still standing today testify to the glory of the Roman Empire. Educated and intelligent people built these structures. They had schools and colleges where architects, engineers and craftsmen were trained. A complex system of transportation and communication was established. Most important is the writing of the Roman law valid throughout the world.

Intellectual Property

Special attention should be directed to the intellectual property of the Romans. It is a great treasure that is still valid for the entire world today. Here are examples from page 15 of the July 1997 issue of National Geographic:

In the year 244 AUC (that is, 509 B.C.) the patrician families of Rome set up a quasi-representative form of government, with a pair of ruling consuls elected for a one-year term. This marked the beginning of the Roman Republic, a form of government that would continue until Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon 460 years later. Increasing prosperity and increasing democracy marked those five centuries.

Rights and Duties of Citizens

Within the broad sweep of uniformity, Roman administration at the local level was flexible, tolerant, and open. When Rome conquered a new province, the defeated general and his army were carted away in chains; almost everyone else came out ahead. The local elite was given positions in the Roman hierarchy. Local businesses gained the benefit of Roman roads, water systems, the laws of commerce and the courts. Roman soldiers guarded the town against pirates and marauders. And within a fairly short period, many of the provincial residents would be made cives Romani — citizens of Rome — with all the commensurate rights and duties.

Anti-Abortion
Augustus used all the tools of governing. Concerned about a decline in the birthrate, he employed both the stick (a crack-down on abortion) and the carrot (tax incentives for big families). To see if his policies were effective he took a census of his empire now and then.

Literacy and Law
The English historian Peter Salway notes that England under Roman rule had a higher rate of literacy than any British government was able to achieve for the next 14 centuries. One of the most important documentary legacies the Romans left behind was the law — the comprehensive body of case law that some scholars consider our greatest inheritance from ancient Rome.

The idea of written law as a shield — to protect individuals against one another and against the awesome power of the state — was a concept the Romans took from the Greeks. But it was Rome that put this abstract notion into daily practice, and the practice is today honored around the world.

Rome — U.S.A.
The Roman process of making laws also had a deep influence on the American system. During the era of the Roman Republic (509 to 49 B.C.) lawmaking was a bicameral activity. Legislation was first passed by the comitia, the assembly of the citizens, then approved by the representative of the upper class, the senate, and issued in the name of the senate and the people of Rome. Centuries later, when the American Founding Fathers launched their bold experiment in democratic government, they took republican Rome as their model. Our laws, too,must go through two legislative bodies. The House of Representatives is our assembly of citizens, and like its counterpart in ancient Rome, the U.S. Senate was originally designed as a chamber for the elite (it was not until the 17th Amendment, in 1913, that ordinary people were allowed to vote for their senators).

The reliance on Roman structures at the birth of the United States was reflected in early American popular culture, which delighted in drawing parallels between U.S. leaders and the noble Romans.

There was a great vogue for marble statues depicting George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, even Andrew Jackson in Roman attire.

Rome Was, Is and Will Be

No one can escape Rome. It is global. America and Australia are products of Rome. They were discovered, settled and established primarily by Europeans, using the Roman principles outlined above. Thus, they are more or less European continents.

To be continued...

MidnightCall Magazine

July 2008

News From Israel Magazine